Effect of chemical and thermal activations on the properties of rice husk ash-based solidified wastes

Strength development,leachability and microstructure of heavy metals from the solidified waste using synthesis rice husk ash (sRHA) and lime blended at the weight ratio of 1:1 were used as binders.The heavy metal-containing sludge was used at the level of 0 wt.%,30 wt.%,and 50 wt.% dry weight,respectively.The sample specimens with and without 1.5 wt.% of sodium silicate (SiO 2 /Na 2 O=1.0) were cured under the ambient condition and elevated temperature curing at 50°C for 24 hr.Experimental results showed that the introduction of sodium silicate solution and elevated temperature curing to sRHA-based solidified waste containing 30 wt.% of heavy metal sludge gave one day strength of 20 kg/cm 2 compared to 0.9 kg/cm2 for the control sample.XRD patterns indicated that most metal-sulfides present in the sludge were appeared in the solidified waste and SEM coupled with EDX techniques reveal these metal-sulfide particles were trapped within the lime-sRHA matrices.In addition,cumulative leaching behavior by tank test (EA NEN 7375:2004) showed that solidified waste containing up to 30 wt.% of heavy metal sludge was suitable to dispose in a secured landfill.     

Removal of ofloxacin antibiotic using heterogeneous Fenton process over modified alginate beads

The aim of this work is to study the heterogeneous oxidative degradation of ofloxacin antibiotic using a composite material prepared from sodium alginate and cyclohexane dinitrilo tetraacetic acid(CDTA). The characterization tests indicated the successful incorporation of metal chelator and iron. It was also demonstrated that the synthesized beads are mesoporous. The influence of several experimental parameters(i.e.: H2O2 dose,working temperature, beads loading and initial drug concentration) on the process performances was evaluated. The reaction temperature significantly affects the drug conversion efficiency. It was also observed that the synthesized material was efficient toward the target antibiotic degradation in the presence of small quantities of hydrogen peroxide. Under optimum conditions(0.05 g of granules, initial drug concentration = 10 mg/L,25 μL of 10 mmol/L H2O2), conducted in a batch reaction, 94% degradation of ofloxacin was reached. The results also indicate that the composite material showed a reasonable stability;a relatively low decrease of activity after four successive runs(only 9%) and a negligible iron leaching(0.8%) have been observed. The synthesized composite material offered interesting advantages in terms of simplicity, good stability, ease of recovery from the liquid medium after use and its efficiency in the presence of low quantities of oxidant. It constitutes a good candidate in the water treatment area.     

包覆型纳米零价铁活化过硫酸处理柴油污染土壤

采用Tween-20作为包覆材料对纳米零价铁(n ZVI)进行改性(T-n ZVI),并利用T-n ZVI活化过硫酸盐(PS)降解柴油,同时与未改性纳米零价铁活化过硫酸盐体系(n ZVI/PS)进行对比.结果显示,在n ZVI/PS体系中,柴油降解率随着n ZVI及PS用量的增加而增加.在T-n ZVI/PS体系中,反应90 d后,柴油最大降解率为78%.与n ZVI/PS体系相比,T-n ZVI/PS体系所有组别的柴油降解率均有所提升,但提升幅度不大.同时对T-n ZVI活化PS的机理进行了推测.     

硫酸/硫酸钠复合淋洗剂对铬渣的淋洗效果研究

以湖南长沙某铬盐厂铬渣为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,采用振荡淋洗方法研究了硫酸-硫酸钠复合淋洗剂对铬渣污染场地Cr的淋洗效果,探讨了淋洗剂浓度、液固比和淋洗时间等对淋洗效果的影响,以及淋洗前后重金属形态的变化,并通过对比试验研究了硫酸钠、柠檬酸、草酸、Na2-EDTA、硫酸、柠檬酸-柠檬酸三钠以及盐酸-氯化钠作为淋洗剂对总铬和六价铬的淋洗效果。结果表明:硫酸/硫酸钠复合淋洗剂在浓度为0.4 mol/L,液固比为20∶1,反应时间为6 h,常温条件下可以达到最佳淋洗效果,总铬和六价铬的浸出效率分别为70.35%和71.56%;另外,重金属形态分析表明,该复合淋洗剂有效减少了铬渣中弱酸可提取态和有机物结合态Cr的百分比,使得残渣态Cr的百分比增加,从而降低了Cr的活性,达到修复目的。淋洗剂对比试验结果表明,与其他淋洗剂相比,硫酸-硫酸钠淋洗效果最好,其中的氢离子能与Cr~(3+)进行离子交换,而硫酸根能够有效地将钙与六价铬分离,对此高钙铬渣的处理更具针对性和有效性。     

Fe3O4@SA/Ce微球的表征及对染料的吸附特性

以天然高分子化合物海藻酸钠(sodium alginate,SA)为骨架,结合磁性Fe₃O₄和稀土铈离子Ce(Ⅲ)通过溶液反应制备出一种新型的磁性海藻酸铈复合微球(Fe₃O₄@SA;Ce).采用X射线衍射(XRD)、孔结构比表面积分析(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)及振动样品强磁计(VSM)对Fe₃O₄@SA;Ce的结构进行了表征,并以直接桃红12B(direct red 12B,DR 12B)和直接橙S(direct orange S,DO S)两种染料为吸附对象,探讨了Fe₃O₄@SA;Ce的吸附剂性能、吸附动力学和热力学.结果表明,Fe₃O₄@SA;Ce对室温下自然pH染料溶液中DR 12B和DO S均表现出良好的吸附效果,吸附量分别可达464 mg·g^-1和730 mg·g^-1.在不同温度下(298、313、328 K),Fe₃O₄@SA;Ce对DR 12B和DO S的吸附过程均可用拟二级吸附动力学方程准确描述.通过等温吸附研究,发现Fe₃O₄@SA;Ce对两种染料的等温吸附较好地符合Freundlich模型.各种表征结果表明,SA与Ce(Ⅲ)和Fe₃O₄交联反应后生成的Fe₃O₄@SA;Ce凝胶球表面有大量深浅不一的褶皱沟纹,形貌发生了显著变化.作为一种绿色环保、制备方法简单、可高效吸附的磁性高分子复合吸附剂,Fe₃O₄@SA;Ce对高浓度染料具有很好的吸附效果,期望能够在染料废水处理中得到广泛应用.     

有机大分子对聚酰胺复合纳滤膜偏硅酸钠污染的影响

选用腐殖酸(HA),海藻酸钠(SA),牛血清蛋白(BSA)和偏硅酸钠分别模拟水体中有机大分子和无机污染物对聚酰胺复合纳滤膜进行了膜污染试验.结合原子力显微镜(AFM)及自制的胶体探针定量测定了不同条件下,膜-偏硅酸钠以及偏硅酸钠-偏硅酸钠之间的作用力.分析了污染膜的表面结构特征及其通量恢复率,系统考察了膜表面吸附不同有机大分子后,对随后硅酸盐污染行为的影响.结果表明:膜表面吸附HA和SA后,膜面负电位增加,与偏硅酸钠之间静电斥力变大,导致其结合能力减弱,减缓了结垢污染.然而,吸附BSA后的膜与无有机条件膜相比,负电位基本一致,故对纳滤膜结垢过程几乎无影响.     

硫代硫酸钠、磷酸钠联合处理铬渣中的六价铬

以硫代硫酸钠为还原剂,将铬渣中的六价铬(Cr(VI))解毒转化为三价铬(Cr(III)),并加入磷酸盐作为稳定剂稳定解毒后的铬渣,考察不同反应时间和药剂用量对铬渣中Cr(VI)去除效果的影响.结果表明:硫代硫酸钠可以有效去除铬渣中的Cr(VI),当其与Cr(VI)的摩尔比为理论摩尔比的12倍、处理时间15d时铬渣中Cr(VI)的去除率达到最高(70%),继续增加还原剂用量或延长反应时间均不能有效提高Cr(VI)的去除率.随后加入磷酸钠作为稳定剂,当其物质的量为生成Cr(III)的4倍时,硫代硫酸钠与磷酸钠分步加入(两步法)比同时加入(一步法)处理铬渣的效果较好,处理效果最好时总铬浸出浓度为6.1mg/L,低于危险废物浸出鉴别的总铬标准(15mg/L),而且形成稳定的铬的化合物(CrPO4·6H2O).铬渣pH值变化、五态变化、XRD及XPS分析等结果表明,两步法的处理效果好于一步法.     

Effect of effluent organic matter on ozonation of bezafibrate

The influence of three effluent organic matter (EfOM) model compounds, humic acid (HA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and sodium alginate (AGS), on the ozonation of bezafibrate (BF), a typical pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP), was investigated. The results show that ozonation efficiently removed BF from aqueous solution with removal efficiencies>95% within 8 min for all conditions. The reaction rate of BF decreased with increasing model compounds concentrations and the influence was more pronounced for HA and BSA, while less pronounced for AGS. Although BF concentration was significantly reduced, the degree of mineralization achieved was only approximately 11%. The addition of HA and BSA improved the mineralization of the solution, while the influence of AGS was minor. The acute toxicity of BF solution during ozonation was determined using the Luminescent bacteria test, and the toxicity exhibited an initial increase and a successive reduction. An overall decreased acute toxicity was observed with an increase of HA. The presence of BSA increased the formation rate of toxicity intermediates and resulted in inhibition peak forward.     

一株苯酚降解菌的分离鉴定及响应面法优化其固定化

从太原市焦化厂废水活性污泥中分离、筛选出一株苯酚降解细菌,经生理生化反应和16S rRNA鉴定,该菌株为Diaphorobacter属细菌,命名为PD-07.代谢机制研究表明,苯酚可诱导该菌合成邻苯二酚2,3-加氧酶降解苯酚.为了提高该菌株对苯酚的降解率,以海藻酸钙为材料,对该菌株进行包埋固定化研究.首先采用Plackett–Burman实验设计筛选出影响固定化菌株苯酚降解率的关键因素,然后采用最陡爬坡实验逼近最大苯酚降解率响应区域.最后用Box–Behnken实验设计及响应面回归分析,应用二次方程对实验数据进行拟合得,拟合曲线与实验实测值相关性良好,最佳条件为海藻酸钠浓度3.83%(m/V)、CaCl2 0.3mol/L、菌胶比1:26.73、固定化时间2h、摇床转速180r/min、培养温度30℃、初始pH值7.2、液固比4.86:1,在此条件下苯酚降解率可达96.89%.     

加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定土壤中青霉素钠

建立了一种加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定土壤中青霉素钠的简单、快速的方法.样品以超纯水为提取溶剂,50℃提取温度为ASE提取条件参数;HLB型固相萃取柱富集净化:6.0mL 5%甲醇淋洗、4.0mL乙腈-甲醇(1∶1)洗脱;高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-PDA)测定,检测波长λ=191.1nm,柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸/水(1∶1),采用等梯度洗脱程序,取得较好的检测分离效果.对0.5、2.0、8.0mg·kg-1等3个不同添加浓度水平的青霉素钠平均加标回收率范围为73.1%—89.7%,回收率相对标准偏差RSD范围为1.1%—2.9%(n=5),检出限可达235.0μg·L-1.结果表明,该方法操作简单,快速,准确度和精密度均符合质量控制要求,能够满足环境土壤样本中痕量青霉素钠检测分析的要求.